Method for treating diastolic heart failure by inhibiting galectin-3

ABSTRACT

A method for treating diastolic heart failure is provided including identifying a subject having diastolic heart failure and administering a therapeutically effective amount of a galectin-3 inhibitor to the subject to at least partially alleviate a symptom of diastolic heart failure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional Application No.61/740,018 filed Dec. 20, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporatedin its entirety by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments relate to treating diastolic heart failure by inhibitinggalectin-3.

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) involves an impairment in the ability of the heart tofill with and/or eject blood. Regardless of etiology, HF is associatedwith the accumulation of connective tissue termed “reactive interstitialfibrosis” in the interstitial compartment of the myocardium.Interstitial fibrosis can, in turn, have an adverse impact on themyocardium by 1) increasing oxygen diffusion distance and, therefore,lead to myocardial hypoxia; 2) reducing capillary density and,therefore, influence coronary perfusion and 3) increasing myocardialstiffness (reduce compliance) and, in doing so, reduce left ventricularrelaxation and filling, and increase myocardial oxygen consumption.Reducing the burden of interstitial fibrosis, therefore, is a keytherapeutic goal in HF.

While many therapies exist for treating systolic HF, the diseasecontinues to claim the lives of many Americans and people worldwide.Even with optimal medical therapy, once diagnosed, systolic HFprogressively worsens. Patients with advanced HF have a mortality rateof nearly 50% per year. Diastolic HF is a condition whereby the patientdevelops all the symptoms of systolic HF except that the systolicfunction of the left ventricle is not depressed, as is typical ofsystolic HF. In contrast to systolic HF, there are no known therapiesfor diastolic HF, even though this form of the disease affects nearly40% of the entire HF population which, in the US, is nearly 6 millionpeople. Identifying effective therapies to treat diastolic HF is a majorunmet need in the United States and worldwide.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a method is provided for treating diastolic HF, themethod comprising identifying a subject having diastolic HF andadministering a therapeutically effective amount of a galectin-3inhibitor to the subject to at least partially alleviate a symptom ofdiastolic HF.

In an embodiment, a method is provided for treating a subject at risk ofdeveloping diastolic HF, the method comprising identifying a symptom ofdiastolic HF in the subject, and administering an inhibitor ofgalectin-3 in an amount sufficient to at least partially alleviate thesymptom and reduce the risk of developing diastolic HF.

In an embodiment, a method is provided for treating diastolic HF, themethod comprising identifying a subject having diastolic HF bydetermining that the subject has a reduced left ventricular sizecompared with a control subject, and administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a galectin-3 inhibitor to the subject to increaseleft ventricular size in the subject compared to before treatment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The FIGURE is a graph illustrating the difference between ModifiedCitrus Pectin (MCP) and other prototypical drugs tested in a caninemodel of HF with respect to volume fraction of interstitial fibrosis(VFIF).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosedherein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodimentsare merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in variousand alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; somefeatures may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particularcomponents. Therefore, specific structural and functional detailsdisclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as arepresentative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variouslyemploy the present invention.

Except in the examples, or where otherwise expressly indicated, allnumerical quantities in this description indicating amounts of materialor conditions of reaction and/or use are to be understood as modified bythe word “about” in describing the broadest scope of the invention.Practice within the numerical limits stated is generally preferred.Also, unless expressly stated to the contrary: percent, “parts of,” andratio values are by weight; the description of a group or class ofmaterials as suitable or preferred for a given purpose in connectionwith the invention implies that mixtures of any two or more of themembers of the group or class are equally suitable or preferred;description of constituents in chemical terms refers to the constituentsat the time of addition to any combination specified in the description,and does not necessarily preclude chemical interactions among theconstituents of a mixture once mixed; the first definition of an acronymor other abbreviation applies to all subsequent uses herein of the sameabbreviation and applies mutatis mutandis to normal grammaticalvariations of the initially defined abbreviation; and, unless expresslystated to the contrary, measurement of a property is determined by thesame technique as previously or later referenced for the same property.

It is also to be understood that this invention is not limited to thespecific embodiments and methods described below, as specific componentsand/or conditions may, of course, vary. Furthermore, the terminologyused herein is used only for the purpose of describing particularembodiments of the present invention and is not intended to be limitingin any way.

It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and theappended claims, the singular form “a,” “an,” and “the” comprise pluralreferents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example,reference to a component in the singular is intended to comprise aplurality of components.

The term “subject” refers to a human or animal, including all mammalssuch as primates (particularly higher primates), sheep, dog, rodents(e.g., mouse or rat), guinea pig, goat, pig, cat, rabbit, and cow.

The term “treating” includes any effect (e.g., lessening, reducing,eliminating, etc.) that results in the improvement of the condition.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” includes molecular entities andcompositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic, or other unwantedreaction when administered to a subject.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and allsolvents, coatings, and the like that are compatible with pharmaceuticaladministration. The use of such agents for pharmaceutically activesubstances is well known in the art.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” includes a composition comprisingat least one compound as disclosed herein formulated together with oneor more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of thecompound that will elicit the biological or medical response of atissue, system or subject that is being sought. The compounds areadministered in therapeutically effective amounts to treat a disease.Alternatively, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound is thequantity required to achieve a desired therapeutic effect.

Subjects having diastolic HF are identified as follows. In diastolic HF,the systolic function of the left ventricle is not depressed, as istypical of systolic HF. Instead, the left ventricle cannot fillproperly. The poor filling may be due to multiple factors such as poorcalcium cycling and left ventricular hypertrophy, but is believed toalso be due largely to interstitial fibrosis that causes decreased leftventricular compliance. In patients with diastolic HF, the leftventricle tends to be smaller than that of a normal subject withoutdiastolic HF, with hypertrophied walls and poor filling.

A patient (subject) presents with symptoms of acute heart failure (i.e.,shortness of breath and pulmonary edema), but upon conducting tests, thepatient is found to have a left ventricular ejection fraction greaterthan about 45%. Thus, the diagnosis is heart failure with preservedejection fraction (HFpEF), or diastolic HF. This is in contradistinctionfrom heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), or systolicHF, whereby the patient has the same symptoms but left ventricularejection fraction is reduced usually below 35%.

In a systolic HF patient, heart failure results from inability of theleft ventricle to eject blood to meet the demands of the body. Theventricle can fill normally but cannot eject the blood normally. This iscaused by an inability of the ventricle to contract normally. As aresult, the ventricle will get larger and larger and, in this way, asmall amount of contraction from a larger volume leads to more bloodbeing ejected. However, as the ventricle continues to dilate, stresseson the muscle continue to mount, causing negative effects on musclecells, including the death of muscle cells. Thus, patients with verydilated left ventricles have poor prognosis. In fact, in systolic HFpatients, the size of the ventricle is a very sensitive indicator ofmortality and worsening heart failure (morbidity).

In contrast, in diastolic HF patients, the ventricle is usually verysmall (smaller than in normal, control subjects without diastolic HF).The ventricle can eject normally, but is unable to fill normally, asfilling is poor due to stiff muscle, etc. As a result, the leftventricle in both systolic HF and diastolic HF is incapable of meetingthe needs of the body to eject normal amounts of blood with eachheartbeat, so patients develop the same symptoms but for differentreasons. In systolic HF, the contraction is abnormal but the relaxation(filling) is normal, whereas in diastolic HF, the contraction is normalbut the relaxation (filling) is abnormal. From a therapy standpoint, weaim to improve contraction in systolic HF, but in diastolic HF we aim toimprove filling or relaxation. In diastolic HF, evidence of improvedfilling is achieved by increasing the size of the left ventricle.

Importantly, current therapies for systolic HF are not effective fortreating diastolic HF because all these therapies have been developedfor systolic HF with the objective of improving contraction of themuscle and preventing the ventricle from continuing to enlarge, theexact opposite of what is needed for patients who have diastolic HF. Anincrease in left ventricular size is detrimental to the patient withsystolic HF for the reasons described above.

The development of the diastolic HF is also associated with an increasein the volume fraction of interstitial fibrosis in the left ventricularwall. Embodiments disclosed herein target inhibition of galectin-3 as atherapeutic approach to reducing interstitial fibrosis. Reduction ofinterstitial fibrosis in diastolic HF patients should increase leftventricular compliance and, in doing so, increase left ventricular sizeand improve left ventricular function. This should improve leftventricular filling and emptying and, in doing so, relieve symptoms ofdiastolic HF such as shortness of breath and pulmonary congestion.

Therefore, a method for treating diastolic HF in a subject by inhibitinggalectin-3 is described herein. Various compositions comprising acompound that binds to galectin-3 to inhibit its activity are disclosed,wherein the composition may be administered to a subject. In anotheraspect, a method of treating a subject at risk of developing diastolicHF by inhibiting galectin-3 is provided. In some cases, a compoundcapable of binding to galectin-3 may reduce the risk of a subjectdeveloping diastolic HF as compared to an untreated subject. A subjectat risk of developing diastolic HF may not yet present with symptomsnecessary for a diagnosis of diastolic HF, but may have left ventricularparameters such as, for example, fibrosis, size, ejection fraction, andend-systolic and end-diastolic volumes which deviate from normal controlsubjects and trend toward the values associated with a diagnosis ofdiastolic HF.

Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family, of which 14 mammaliangalectins have been identified. Galectin-3 is approximately 30 kDa and,like all galectins, contains a carbohydrate-recognition-binding domain(CRD) of about 130 amino acids that enable the specific binding ofβ-galactosides. Galectin-3 is encoded by a single gene, LGALS3, locatedon chromosome 14, locus q21-q22. It is expressed in the nucleus,cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell surface, and extracellular space. Thisprotein has been shown to be involved in the following biologicalprocesses: cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cellgrowth and differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Givengalectin-3's broad biological functionality, it has been demonstrated tobe involved in cancer, inflammation and fibrosis, heart disease, andstroke. Studies have also shown that the expression of galectin-3 isimplicated in a variety of processes associated with HF, includingmyofibroblast proliferation, fibrogenesis, inflammation, and ventricularremodeling. Elevated levels of galectin-3 have been found to besignificantly associated with higher risk of death in both acutedecompensated HF and chronic HF populations.

A composition or compound that is capable of binding galectin-3, andtherefore a galectin-3 inhibitor, may be administered to a subjectidentified with diastolic HF. Any suitable compound may be used. Forexample, in certain embodiments, the galectin-3 inhibitor may be acarbohydrate, such as a polysaccharide, a protein, a nucleic acid, or asmall molecule. In one example, the galectin-3 inhibitor may comprisegalactose. In some embodiments, a galectin-3 antibody may be used as aninhibitor of galectin-3. Specific examples of the many galectin-3inhibitors listed above are well known in the art.

In one example, the galectin-3 inhibitor may comprise a pectin. Pectinsare polysaccharides from plant cell walls, especially from apple andcitrus fruits. A pectin used may be a full-length pectin or may be apectin fragment. Pectin fragments of interest are capable of binding togalectin-3. It may be advantageous to purify a pectin fragment by anysuitable method. In some embodiments, a pectin may have a molecularweight of between about 50 kDa and about 150 kDa, between about 60 kDaand about 130 kDa, between about 50 kDa and about 100 kDa, between about30 kDa and about 60 kDa, between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa, betweenabout 10 kDa and about 30 kDa, between about 5 kDa and about 20 kDa, orbetween about 1 kDa and about 10 kDa.

The natural product Modified Citrus Pectin (MCP) may be used as agalectin-3 inhibitor. MCP is different from other pectins, as it ismodified from organic citrus pectin to reduce the molecular weight ofthe pectin molecule, such as to between about 10 kDa and about 30 kDa orbetween about 5 kDa and about 20 kDa. Although pectins are notdigestible by humans, MCP is altered to increase its absorbability. MCPis most often used as an adjuvant to cancer therapy to supportprevention of metastasis. Pectins, including MCP, have also beeninvestigated for possible cardiovascular supporting benefits, includinglowering cholesterol and reducing atherosclerosis and have been shown toreduce the volume fraction of fibrous tissue and to partially inhibitgalectin-3. MCP has been shown to reduce galectin-3 expression anddisease severity in experimental acute kidney injury in mice. MCP canbind to the galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain, therebypredominantly antagonizing functions linked to this role.

Additional inhibitors may be identified, for example, by screeningcompounds suspected of having galectin-3 binding properties. In someembodiments, a compound capable of binding to galectin-3 may be selectedbased on a desired pharmacological half-life. For example, in someembodiments, a compound capable of binding to galectin-3 may have apharmacological half-life of between about 0.5 hours and about 12 hours.In some embodiments, binding of a compound to galectin-3 may inhibit anactivity of galectin-3 or may reduce the expression level of galectin-3.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compoundcapable of binding galectin-3 formulated together with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be provided. Pharmaceuticalcompositions may be used, for example, in a solid, semi-solid, or liquidform, which contains one or more of the compounds as an activeingredient. The compound is included in the pharmaceutical compositionin an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the conditionof the subject.

A composition or compound for inhibiting galectin-3 may be administered,for example, orally, subcutaneously, topically, intravenously,intramuscularly or by inhalation. The compositions may be administeredto subjects in need of such treatment in therapeutically effectiveamounts. The galectin-3 inhibitors can be dosed, for example, based onthe weight of the subject or as a fixed dose. In one example, a dose ofMCP can be between about 1 g and 10 g, between about 3 g and 7 g, orabout 5 g. It is understood that the dose required will vary fromsubject to subject, not only with the particular compound or compositionand potency selected, but also with the route of administration, the ageand condition of the subject, concurrent medication used by the subject,and other like factors.

Treatment can be continued for as long or as short of a period asdesired. The compositions may be administered at a frequency of, forexample, one to four or more times per day. A suitable treatment periodcan be, for example, at least about one week, at least about two weeks,at least about one month, at least about three months, at least aboutsix months, at least about one year, or indefinitely. A treatment periodmay be complete when a desired result is achieved, such as at least apartial alleviation of symptoms of a condition.

Treatment may be monitored by determining the level of galectin-3 in asubject. Determining the level of galectin-3 in a subject may compriseobtaining a biological sample (e.g., blood) from the subject. In someembodiments, a subject may be identified for treatment by the level ofgalectin-3 in the blood (e.g., plasma) of the subject, for example, whenthe subject has an elevated level of galectin-3 in the plasma comparedto a healthy, control subject. However, an elevated level of galectin-3in the blood stream is not required as a condition for proceeding withtherapy for diastolic HF as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, a symptom of diastolic HF may be at least partiallyalleviated. Alleviating a symptom may refer to at least partiallyinhibiting or reducing a symptom, a reduction in the frequency ofoccurrence of a symptom, and/or a slowing of the development of asymptom.

The method disclosed herein for treating diastolic HF by inhibitinggalectin-3 at least partially alleviates a symptom of diastolic HF andtherefore provides several therapeutic advantages. Inhibition ofgalectin-3 reduces fibrosis, which is associated with improved leftventricular systolic function. In some embodiments, fibrosis can bereduced at least about 50%, at least about 40%, at least about 30%, atleast about 20%, or at least about 10% after treatment compared tobefore treatment. Inhibition of galectin-3 increases left ventricularsize evidenced by increased left ventricular end-systolic andend-diastolic volumes. While this is not a desirable feature forsystolic HF, an increase in left ventricular size along with improvementof left ventricular function are both desirable features for treatmentof diastolic HF, so as to result in better filling of the left ventriclewith blood. Inhibition of galectin-3 improves left ventricular systolicfunction as evidenced by increased left ventricular ejection fraction.In diastolic dysfunction, a greater portion of end-diastolic volumeresults from late filling rather than early filling. Therefore, theratio of the early (E) to late (A) peak ventricular filling velocities,or the E/A ratio, is reduced in diastolic dysfunction. Inhibition ofgalectin-3 improves left ventricular diastolic function as evidenced byincreased E/A and Ei/Ai (ratio of early to late integrated velocity overtime. These are all beneficial effects that one seeks to achieve insubjects with diastolic HF. Treatment may be monitored at any time byassessing any of the above-described left ventricular parameters.

The following example illustrates the various embodiments of the presentinvention. Those skilled in the art will recognize many variations thatare within the spirit of the present invention and scope of the claims.

Experiment 1

In a study in dogs with HF, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition ofgalectin-3 will markedly inhibit interstitial fibrosis in dogs (n=3)with microembolization-induced HF. In this dog model of HF, thedevelopment of the disease is associated with an increase in the volumefraction of interstitial fibrosis in the left ventricular wall from anormal level of 3.5% (connective tissue) to as high as 25%. Dogs weretreated for 3 months with daily oral administration of 5 g MCP.

The results of the study in 3 dogs showed that monotherapy with MCPreduced reactive interstitial fibrosis by nearly 55% compared tohistorical controls. This is markedly higher than any other drugcurrently used in the treatment of HF. The FIGURE illustrates thedifference between MCP and other prototypical drugs tested in thiscanine model of HF with respect to volume fraction of interstitialfibrosis (VFIF). This reduction in fibrosis was also associated withimproved LV systolic function. In the 3 dogs treated, LV ejectionfraction increased from near 25% at baseline to 28% at 3 months into thetherapy. In addition, there was an increase in LV end-diastolic volumefrom near 63 ml to near 75 ml. Detailed results are given in Tables 1-11below.

TABLE 1 Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume (ml) Dog# Pre 6 weeks PostDelta 12-004 63 73 77 14 12-005 73 80 86 13 12-029 54 64 63 9 Mean 63 7275 12 STD 9.5 8.0 11.6 3 SEM 5.5 4.6 6.7 2

TABLE 2 Left Ventricular End-Systolic Volume (ml) Dog# Pre 6 weeks PostDelta 12-004 45 48 50 5 12-005 57 62 67 10 12-029 41 48 46 5 Mean 48 5354 7 STD 8.3 8.1 11.2 3 SEM 4.8 4.7 6.4 2

TABLE 3 Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (%) Dog# Pre 6 weeks PostDelta 12-004 29 34 35 6 12-005 22 23 22 0 12-029 24 25 27 3 Mean 25 2728 3 STD 3.4 6.2 6.6 3 SEM 2.0 3.6 3.8 2

TABLE 4 Stroke Volume (ml) Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 18 25 27 912-005 16 18 19 3 12-029 13 16 17 4 Mean 16 20 21 5 STD 2.5 4.7 5.3 3SEM 1.5 2.7 3.1 2

TABLE 5 Cardiac Output (L/min) Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 0.020.03 0.03 0.01 12-005 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 12-029 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00Mean 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 STD 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 SEM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TABLE 6 Peak E (cm/sec) Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 67.0 63.037.0 −30 12-005 60.0 43.0 55.0 −5 12-029 43.0 46.0 41.0 −2 Mean 56.750.7 44.3 −12.3 STD 12.3 10.8 9.5 15.4 SEM 7.1 6.2 5.5 8.9

TABLE 7 Peak A (cm/sec) Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 28.0 24.017.0 −11 12-005 34.0 21.0 21.0 −13 12-029 29.0 25.0 17.0 −12 Mean 30.323.3 18.3 −12.0 STD 3.2 2.1 2.3 1.0 SEM 1.9 1.2 1.3 0.6

TABLE 8 Peak E/A Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 2.4 2.6 2.2 −0.2212-005 1.8 2.0 2.6 0.85 12-029 1.5 1.8 2.4 0.93 Mean 1.88 2.17 2.40 0.52STD 0.47 0.41 0.22 0.64 SEM 0.27 0.23 0.13 0.37

TABLE 9 Ei (cm) Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 7.0 7.2 3.8 −3.212-005 3.0 3.3 3.5 0.5 12-029 3.7 4.5 4.5 0.8 Mean 4.6 5.0 3.9 −0.6 STD2.1 2.0 0.5 2.2 SEM 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.3

TABLE 10 Ai Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 1.9 1.5 0.7 −1.2 12-0050.9 1.0 0.9 0 12-029 1.1 1.2 1.0 −0.1 Mean 1.3 1.2 0.9 −0.4 STD 0.5 0.30.2 0.7 SEM 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4

TABLE 11 Ei/Ai Dog# Pre 6 weeks Post Delta 12-004 3.7 4.8 5.4 1.7412-005 3.3 3.3 3.9 0.56 12-029 3.4 3.8 4.5 1.14 Mean 3.46 3.95 4.61 1.15STD 0.19 0.77 0.78 0.59 SEM 0.11 0.44 0.45 0.34

Therefore, embodiments disclosed herein indicate that therapy with aselective and specific inhibitor of galectin-3 will improve leftventricular function and relieve symptoms of congestive HF in subjectswith diastolic HF. Furthermore, embodiments disclosed herein indicatethat chronic therapy with a selective and specific inhibitor ofgalectin-3 may improve left ventricular function and relieve symptoms ofcongestive HF in patients with systolic HF.

While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended thatthese embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather,the words used in the specification are words of description rather thanlimitation, and it is understood that various changes may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may becombined to form further embodiments of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating diastolic heart failure(HF), the method comprising: identifying a subject having diastolic HF;and administering a therapeutically effective amount of a galectin-3inhibitor to the subject to at least partially alleviate a symptom ofdiastolic HF.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the subjectincludes determining that the subject has a left ventricular ejectionfraction of greater than about 45%.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinidentifying the subject includes determining that the subject has a leftventricle of reduced size compared with a control subject.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein identifying the subject includes determining thatthe subject has reduced left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolicvolumes compared with a control subject.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the galectin-3 inhibitor includes a pectin.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the galectin-3 inhibitor includes modified citruspectin (MCP).
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein administering thegalectin-3 inhibitor reduces interstitial fibrosis in the subjectcompared to before treatment.
 8. The method of claim 7, whereininterstitial fibrosis is reduced by at least about 50%.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein administering the galectin-3 inhibitor increases leftventricular size in the subject compared to before treatment.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein administering the galectin-3 inhibitorincreases left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in thesubject compared to before treatment.
 11. The method of claim 1, whereinadministering the galectin-3 inhibitor increases left ventricularejection fraction in the subject compared to before treatment.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, wherein administering the galectin-3 inhibitorincreases E/A and Ei/Ai ratios in the subject compared to beforetreatment.
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising monitoringtreatment of the subject to determine if the symptom has been at leastpartially alleviated.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein monitoringincludes determining a level of galectin-3 in blood of the subject. 15.The method of claim 13, wherein monitoring includes determining leftventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in the subject.
 16. Amethod for treating a subject at risk of developing diastolic HF, themethod comprising: identifying a symptom of diastolic HF in the subject;and administering an inhibitor of galectin-3 in an amount sufficient toat least partially alleviate the symptom and reduce the risk ofdeveloping diastolic HF.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein identifyingincludes determining that the subject has a left ventricular ejectionfraction of greater than about 45%.
 18. The method of claim 16, whereinidentifying includes determining that the subject has a left ventricleof reduced size compared with a control subject.
 19. The method of claim16, wherein identifying includes determining that the subject hasreduced left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes comparedwith a control subject.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein thegalectin-3 inhibitor includes a pectin.
 21. The method of claim 20,wherein the galectin-3 inhibitor includes MCP.
 22. The method of claim16, wherein administering the galectin-3 inhibitor reduces interstitialfibrosis in the subject compared to before treatment.
 23. The method ofclaim 16, wherein administering the galectin-3 inhibitor increases leftventricular size in the subject compared to before treatment.
 24. Themethod of claim 16, wherein administering the galectin-3 inhibitorincreases left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in thesubject compared to before treatment.
 25. The method of claim 16,further comprising monitoring treatment of the subject to determine ifthe symptom has been at least partially alleviated.
 26. The method ofclaim 25, wherein monitoring includes determining a level of galectin-3in blood of the subject.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein monitoringincludes determining left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolicvolumes in the subject.
 28. A method for treating diastolic HF, themethod comprising: identifying a subject having diastolic HF bydetermining that the subject has a reduced left ventricular sizecompared with a control subject; and administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a galectin-3 inhibitor to the subject to increaseleft ventricular size in the subject compared to before treatment.